Challenges in Connecting The Elements of Sectoral System of Innovation for Developing Electric Vehicle Industry in Indonesia

Luthfina Ariyani; Anggini Dinaseviani; Asep Husni Yasin Rosadi; Rendi Febrianda; Wati Hermawati; Erman Aminullah

doi:10.14203/STIPM.2023.383

Challenges in Connecting The Elements of Sectoral System of Innovation for Developing Electric Vehicle Industry in Indonesia

Luthfina Ariyani, Anggini Dinaseviani, Asep Husni Yasin Rosadi, Rendi Febrianda, Wati Hermawati, Erman Aminullah

Abstract

This article discusses industrial development on EV di Indonesia, viewed from Sectoral system of innovation (SSI) perspective. The objective of this study is to map challenges in connecting the elements of SSI for developing EV industry. The method of study is a desk research, where the information input relies on secondary sources, consisting of statistical data, official documents and scientific references. This study found eight challenges to develop EV industry. The institutional challenges include: i. fiscal programs are still less effective to promote industrial collaboration on EV innovation with universities and R&D institutions; ii. Local content target is still difficult to fulfill; iii. unreadiness of local industry to be involved in the EV supply chain; and iv. Slow consumer response towards EV program incentives. On the knowledge and technology challenges are: i) the quality and standards of EVs from domestic R&D are still inadequate for commercial scale; and ii. potential investors have not shown adequate interest in local EV development. The demand challenges are: i. the plan to make Indonesia as EV hub in ASEAN region is far from reality due to lack of investors; and ii. the lack of ECS accessibility is a barrier to the domestic EV market.

Keywords: electric vehicle, sectoral system of innovation, institutions, knowledge and technology, demand

Full Text:

PDF

References

Adams, P., Fontana, R., & Malerba, F. (2013). The magnitude of innovation by demand in a sectoral system: The role of industrial users in semiconductors. Research Policy, 42(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.05.011.

Amilia, N., Palinrungi, Z., Vanany, I., & Arief, M. (2022). Designing an Optimized Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure for Urban Area: A Case study from Indonesia. 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp. 2812–2817. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922278.

Aminullah, E., & Adnan, R. S. (2012). The role of academia as an external resource of innovation for the automotive industry in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 20(sup1), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2012.683946.

Feng, K., & Junran Li (2019). Challenges in reshaping the sectoral innovation system of the Chinese automobile industry. In K.-C. Liu, U. S. Racherla (eds.), (2019). Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China, ARCIALA Series on Intellectual Assets and Law in Asia, pp. 415-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8102-7_18.

Fitriana, I., Sugiyono, A., Adiarso, & Akhmad, K. (2020). Pengembangan Kendaraan Listrik Baterai di Indonesia: Peran dalam Mengurangi Emisi. [Development of Battery Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: Role in Reducing Emissions]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Bahan dan Barang Teknik, Bandung, August 26, 2020. pp. 140–145. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346415238.

Febrianto, O. H., Ismaya, B. I., Aufar, F., Anastasia, M. K., Maruntum, A. N., Simanjuntak, J. D., & Azaria, S. P. (2022). Penguatan Struktur Ekonomi Indonesia: Tinjauan Local Value Chain, Hilirisasi, dan Industri Hijau.

Intarakumnerd, P., & Chaoroenporn, P. (2013). The roles of intermediaries in sectoral innovation system in developing countries: public organizations versus private organizations. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 21(1), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2013.810949.

Intarakumnerd, P., & Gerdsri, N. (2014). Implications of Technology Management and Policy on the Development of a Sectoral Innovation System: Lessons Learned Through the Evolution of Thai Automotive Sector. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 11(03), 1440009. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877014400094.

Intarakumnerd, P. (2017). Thai automotive industry: International trade, production networks, and technological capability development. In Lili Yan Ing, Fukunari Kimura (eds), 2017.

Production Networks in Southeast Asia. Chapter 8. Routledge.

Malerba, F. (ed.) (2004), Sectoral System Innovation: Concepts, Issues and Analysis of Six Major Sectors in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Aminullah, E. & Adnan, R.S. (2011). Resources of Innovation in Indonesian Automotive Industry the Role of University and Public Research Insitutution (PRI). in Sunami, A. & Intarakumnerd, P. (ed.). A Comparative Study on the Role of University and PRI as External Resources for Firms’ Innovation. ERIA Research Project Report 2010-10, Jakarta: ERIA. pp.111-168.

Amir, M.T., Prabawani, B. (2022). Business Model Innovation: Lesson Learned From EV Ecosystem In Indonesia IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1098 012074.

Asfani, D.A., Negara, I.M.Y., Nugraha, Y.U., Yuniarto, M.N., Wikarta, A., Sidharta, I., Mukhlisin. A. (2020). Electric Vehicle Research in Indonesia: A Road map, Road tests, and Research Challenges. IEEE Electrif. Mag. 8, 44–51.

BPS. (2022). Nilai impor mobil listrik. Badan Pusat Statistik (bps.go.id).

BKPM. (2017). Brief on EV investment opportunities in Indonesia. Laporan BKPM, Jakarta.

Cyrill, M. (Oct 18. 2023). Indonesia Market Prospects for EV Sales and Manufacturing. ASEAN briefing. Diambil dari: Indonesia Market for Electric Vehicles: Sales and Production Investments (aseanbriefing.com) tanggal 1 November 2023.

Damayanti, S., Hidayatno, A., & Setiawan, A. D. (2020). User Acceptance of Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: A Conceptual Model. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1145/3400934.3400956.

Delloite and Foundry. (2023). An electric revolution : The rise of Indonesia’s e-motorcycle (Issue September). https://www.foundry.id/report.

Deloitte (2022), Overview of Indonesia's EV downstream sector: A focus on nickel, Deloitte Indonesia Perspectives | Third Edition, February.

Dharmawan, I. P., S Kumara, I. N., & Budiastra, I. N. (2021). Perkembangan infrastruktur pengisian baterai kendaraan listrik di Indonesia [Development of electric vehicle battery charging infrastructure in Indonesia]. Jurnal Spektrum, 8(3), 90–101.

Gaikindo. (2023). Indonesian Automotive Industry Data. Retreived from https://www.gaikindo.or.id/indonesian-automobile-industry-data/ on November 1, 2023.

Habiburrahman, M., & Nurcahyo, R. (2022). Towards Electric Vehicle Era in A Developing Country: Review of Research on Automotive Component Industry in Indonesia from Industrial Engineering Perspective. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Istanbul, Turkey, March 7-10.

Haryadi, F. N., Simaremare, A. A., Ajija, S. R., Hakam, D. F., & Mangunkusumo, K. G. H. (2023). Investigating the Impact of Key Factors on Electric/Electric-Vehicle Charging Station Adoption in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(3), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14128.

Ibusuki, U., Kaminski, P. C., & Bernardes, R. C. (2020). Evolution and maturity of Brazilian automotive and aeronautic industry innovation systems: a comparative study. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 32(7), 769–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1712352.

IEA, (2023), Global EV Outlook 2023. IEA Publications - International Energy Agency. Retrieved from www.iea.org [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dacf14d2-eabc-498a-8263-9f97fd5dc327/GEVO2023.pdf on November 1, 2023

IESR. (2023). Indonesia Electric Vehicle Outlook 2023. Jakarta: Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR).

International Nickel Study Group (2021), The World Nickel Factbook 2021.

JICA. (2021). Data Collection Survey on Automotive Industry Development in the Republic of Indonesia, Final Report.

Kartini, E. dan A.J. Drew. (2021). The National Battery Research Institute “Powering Indonesia Battery’s Revolution” The International Conference on Battery for Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles (ICB-REV) 2021 AIP Conf. Proc. 2517, 020001-1–020001-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121087.

König, A., L. Nicoletti , D. Schröder , S. Wolff , A. Waclaw and M. Lienkamp (2021), An Overview of Parameter and Cost for Battery Electric Vehicles, World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010021.

Krisnowo, A., Hutapea, R., & Budiwati, S. V. (2020). Identification of the Ecosystem Readiness of Batery Based Electrical Vehicles in Indonesia -Preliminary Assessment. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.74.39.

Maghfiroh, M. F. N., Pandyaswargo, A. H., & Onoda, H. (2021). Current Readiness Status of Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: Multistakeholder Perceptions. Sustainability, 13(23), 13177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313177.

Makeeva, E., Murashkina, I., & Mikhaleva, I. (2019). The impact of R&D tax incentive programs on the performance of innovative companies. Foresight, 21(5), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-06-2018-0063.

Marciano, I. (2021). Mengembangkan Ekosistem Kendaraan Listrik di Indonesia: Pelajaran dari Pengalaman Amerika Serikat, Norwegia dan Cina [Developing an Electric Vehicle Ecosystem in Indonesia: Lessons from the Experience of the United States, Norway and China]. Study Report, IESR. Jakarta.

Mastoi, M. S., Zhuang, S., Munir, H. M., Haris, M., Hassan, M., Usman, M., Bukhari, S. S. H., & Ro, J.-S. (2022). An in-depth analysis of electric vehicle charging station infrastructure, policy implications, and future trends. Energy Reports, 8, 11504–11529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.09.011.

Ministry of Industry. (2023), Kemenperin Kebut Pengembangan Ekosistem Kendaraan Listrik [Ministry of Industry Accelerates Development of Electric Vehicle Ecosystem]. Retreived from https://www.kemenperin.go.id/artikel/24383/Kemenperin-Kebut-Pengembangan-Ekosistem-Kendaraan-Listrik on November 1, 2023.

Ministry of Industry Data and Information Center. (2021). Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Industri Otomotif [Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Automotive Industry]. Jakarta, Indonesia. Retrieved from: https://www.kemenperin.go.id/kinerja-industri on November 1, 2023.

Gunawan, I., Redi, A. A. N. P., Santosa, A. A., Maghfiroh, M. F. N., Pandyaswargo, A. H., & Kurniawan, A. C. (2022). Determinants of Customer Intentions to Use Electric Vehicle in Indonesia: An Integrated Model Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14041972.

Miele, A., Axsen, J., Wolinetz, M., Maine, E., & Long, Z. (2020). The role of charging and refuelling infrastructure in supporting zero-emission vehicle sales. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 81, 102275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102275.

Miller, J. M., White, C. P., Onar, O. C., & Ryan, P. M. (2012). Grid side regulation of wireless power charging of plug-in electric vehicles. 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2012.6342814.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. (2023). Regulasi Penyediaan Infrastruktur Pengisian Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai ( KBLBB ) Upaya Percepatan Pengembangan Infrastruktur KBLBB. Retreived from : https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/f0294-bahan-dirbinus.pdf on November 1, 2023.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. (2020). Peluang Investasi Nikel Indonesia [Indonesian Nickel Investment Opportunities]. Retreived from https://www.esdm.go.id/id/booklet/booklet-tambang-nikel-2020 on November 1, 2023.

Murtiningrum, A. D., Darmawan, A., & Wong, H. (2022). The adoption of electric motorcycles: A survey of public perception in Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 379, 134737. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134737.

Nikkei Asia. (2023). Indonesia's nickel riches spur local company EV, battery ambition. Business Spotlight. Retreived from: https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/Indonesia-s-nickel-riches-spur-local-company-EV-battery-ambition on November 1, 2023.

Nurhadi, H. Q., Nurcahyo, R., & Gabriel, D. S., Strategic development for a filter automotive component company in facing the electric vehicles era in indonesia, Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, IEOM 2021, Singapore, 2021.

Nuryakin, C., Riyanto, R., Riyadi, S. A., Damayati, A., Pratama, A. P., & Massie, N. W. G. (2019). Socioeconomic Impacts and Consumer Preferences Analysis of Electrified Vehicle in Indonesia, Proceedings of the 2019 6th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT), 18-21 Nov. 2019, 2019.

Oltra, V., & Saint Jean, M. (2009). Sectoral systems of environmental innovation: An application to the French automotive industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(4), 567–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2008.03.025.

Prasetiyo, P. (2011), Peluang penelitian untuk memperbaiki teknologi proses untuk mengolah bijih nikel laterit kadar rendah Indonesia [Research opportunities to improve process technology for low grade laterite nickel ore processing in Indonesia], Majalah Metalurgi, 26(2), 79-92.

Ramdhan, R. A. F. H. M. Ekaristianto, Y. D. Goenawan , M. W. S. Mubarok , M. Fakhrudin, E. Kartini, and A. J. Drew (2023), Analysis Study on Scaling Up Production of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) Cathode Material at National Battery Research Institute, Journal of Batteries for Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles (JBREV), 01(01): 14–2. https://doi.org/10.59046/jbrev.v1i01.11

Regina, D., & Ulmi, N. (2023). Tantangan Pengembangan Mobil Listrik Menuju Transportasi Berkelanjutan di Indonesia [Challenges of Electric Car Development Towards Sustainable Transportation in Indonesia]. Jurnal Penelitian Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat. (14), 32-39. Doi 10.55511/jpsttd.v14i1.605.

Setiawan, I., (2016), Pengolahan nikel laterit secara pirometalurgi: kini dan penelitian kedepan [Pyrometallurgical processing of nickel laterite: present and future research], in Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains dan Teknologi, Jakarta, Indonesia, 8 November 2016; pp. 1–7.

Sutopo, W., Nizam, M., Rahmawatie, B., Fahma, F. (2018). A review of electric vehicles charging standard development: Study case in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 2018 5th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT), Surakarta, Indonesia, 30–31 October 2018; pp. 152–157.

TBP, (2023). Leading the Charge: Pioneering Indonesia’s Battery Industry. Jakarta: Trimegah Bangun Persada.

Tjahajana, A., (2021), Rencana Pengembangan Industri Baterai EV Nasional [National EV Battery Industry Development Plan]. Universitas Indonesia. Retreived from https://igovexpo.ui.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/4_Rencana-Pengembangan-Baterai-EV-Nasional-PT-Industri-Baterai-Indonesia-dikompresi.pdf on November 1, 2023.

Yoesgiantoro, D., N.A. Sasongko, Nurbaiti and B.S. Arifianto, (2022), Defense study on Indonesian nickel processing, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108 012037, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012037.

Zulkarnain, Leviäkangas, P., Kinnunen, T., Kess, P. (2014). The Electric Vehicles Ecosystem Model: Construct, Analysis and Identification of Key Challenges. Managing Global Transitions 12 (3): 253–277.

Pandyaswargo, A. H., Wibowo, A. D., Maghfiroh, M. F. N., Rezqita, A., & Onoda, H. (2021). The emerging electric vehicle and battery industry in Indonesia: Actions around the nickel ore export ban and a SWOT analysis. Batteries, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7040080.

PwC Indonesia. (2023). Indonesia Electric Vehicle Consumer Survey 2023. Retreived from : https://www.pwc.com/id/automotive-survey-2023 on November 10, 2023.

Setiawan, A. D., Hidayatno, A., Putra, B. D., & Rahman, I. (2020). Selection of Charging Station Technology to Support the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Indonesia with the AHP-TOPSIS Method. 2020 3rd International Conference on Power and Energy Applications (ICPEA), pp. 85–88. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPEA49807.2020.9280125.

Sutopo, W., Nizam, M., Rahmawatie, B., & Fahma, F. (2018). A Review of Electric Vehicles Charging Standard Development: Study Case in Indonesia. 2018 5th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEVT.2018.8628367.

Thompson, S. T., James, B. D., Huya-Kouadio, J. M., Houchins, C., DeSantis, D. A., Ahluwalia, R., Wilson, A. R., Kleen, G., & Papageorgopoulos, D. (2018). Direct hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle cost analysis: System and high-volume manufacturing description, validation, and outlook. Journal of Power Sources, 399, 304–313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.100.

Utami, M. W. Dela, Yuniaristanto, Y., & Sutopo, W. (2020). Adoption Intention Model of Electric Vehicle in Indonesia. Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri, 19(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.25077/josi.v19.n1.p70-81.2020.

Veza, I., Abas, M. A., Djamari, D. W., Tamaldin, N., Endrasari, F., Budiman, B. A., Idris, M., Opia, A. C., Juangsa, F. B., & Aziz, M. (2022). Electric Vehicles in Malaysia and Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges. Energies, 15(7), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072564.

Peraturan Pemerintah [Government Regulation] No. 1/2014 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Pemerintah No. 23/2010 Tentang Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Mineral Dan Batubara [on The Second Amendment to Government Regulation No. 23/2010 on The Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Business Activities].

Peraturan Pemerintah [Government Regulation] Nomor 55/2019 tentang Percepatan Program Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai (Battery Electric Vehicle) untuk Transportasi Jalan.

Peraturan Pemerintah [Government Regulation] No. 74/2021 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah No. 73/2019 tentang Barang Kena Pajak yang Tergolong Mewah Berupa Kendaraan Bermotor yang Dikenai Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah [Taxable Goods that are Classified as Luxury Regarding Motor Vehicles which are Subject to Sales Tax on Luxury Goods].

Peraturan Pemerintah [Government Regulation] No. 49/2022 tentang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Dibebaskan dan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atau Pajak Pertambahan Nilai dan Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah Tidak Dipungut atas Impor dan/atau Penyerahan Barang Kena Pajak Tertentu dan/atau Penyerahan Jasa Kena Pajak Tertentu dan/atau Pemanfaatan Jasa Kena Pajak Tertentu dari Luar Daerah Pabean [Value Added Tax Exemption and Value Added Tax or Value Added Tax and Sales Tax on Luxury Goods are Not Withheld on the Import and/or Delivery of Certain Taxable Goods and/or Delivery of Certain Taxable Services and/or Utilization of Certain Taxable Services from Outside the Customs Area].

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia [Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia] No. 55/2019 Tentang Percepatan Program Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai untuk Transportasi Jalan [on the Acceleration of the Battery-Based Electric Vehicle Program for Road Transportation].

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia [Presidential Decree of Republic of Indonesia] No. 22/2017 tentang Rencana Umum Energi Nasional [on National Energy General Plan].

Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri [Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation] No. 6/2023 tentang Dasar Pengenaan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor, Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor, dan Pajak Alat Berat Tahun 2023 [Basis for Imposition of Motor Vehicle Tax, Motor Vehicle Title Transfer Fee, and Heavy Equipment Tax in 2023].

Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral [Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource Regulation] No. 11/2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Menteri Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral Nomor 25 Tahun 2018 tentang Pengusahaan Pertambangan Mineral Dan Batubara [on The Second Amendment to Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 25/2018 on Mineral and Coal Mining Businesses].

Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral [Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource Regulation] No. 13/2020 tentang Penyediaan Infrastruktur Pengisian Listrik Untuk Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai [on The Provision of Electric Charging Infrastructure for Battery-Based Electric Motorized Vehicles].

Peraturan Menteri Keuangan [Ministry of Finance Regulation] No. 153/PMK.010/2020 tentang Pemberian Pengurangan Penghasilan Bruto Atas Kegiatan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Tertentu Di Indonesia [Gross Income Reduction for Certain Research and Development Activities in Indonesia].

Peraturan Menteri Keuangan [Ministry of Finance Regulation] No. 130/PMK.010/2020 tentang Pemberian Fasilitas Pengurangan Pajak Penghasilan Badan [Provision of Corporate Income Tax Reduction Facilities].

Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan [Ministry of Finance Regulation] No. 38/2023 tentang Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atas Penyerahan Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai Roda Empat Tertentu dan Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai Bus Tertentu yang Ditanggung Pemerintah Tahun Anggaran 2023 [Value Added Tax on Delivery of Certain Four-Wheeled Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicles and Certain Bus Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicles Borne by the Government for Fiscal Year 2023].

Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian [Ministry of Industry Regulation] No. 6/2022 tentang Spesifikasi, Peta Jalan Pengembangan, dan Ketentuan Penghitungan Nilai Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai [Specifications, Roadmap of Development, and Conditions for Calculating Domestic Component Level Values for Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicles].

Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian [Ministry of Industry Regulation] No. 16/M-IND/PER/2/2011 tentang Ketentuan dan Tata Cara Penghitungan Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri [Provisions and Procedures for Calculating Domestic Component Levels].

Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral [Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource Regulation] No. 1/2023 tentang Penyediaan Infrastruktur Pengisian Listrik Untuk Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Bebasis Baterai [Provision of Electric Charging Infrastructure for Battery-Based Electric Motorized Vehicles].

Undang-undang [Law] No. 4/2019 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara [on Mineral and Coal Mining].

Qi, X., Xianjun Li, Siyu Yan, Shijin Shuai (2016. Research on the innovation mechanism and process of China’s automotive industry. Proceedings of PICMET '16: Technology Management for Social Innovation, pp. 1203-1210.

Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th Edition). New York: Free Press.

Tan, K. M., Yong, J. Y., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Mansor, M., Teh, J., & Guerrero, J. M. (2023). Factors influencing global transportation electrification: Comparative analysis of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113582.

Tuncel, C. O. (2014). Sectoral system of innovation and technological upgrading

strategies: a comparative study of the automotive industry in south Korea and Turkey. In

Bryan Christiansen and Muslum Basilgan (eds). (2014). Economic Behavior, Game Theory, and Technology in Emerging Markets. ICI Global. pp 289-322. DOI:10.4018/978-1-4666-4745-9.CH016.

Yuniarto, M.N, A. Purwadi, H. Hinderasah, dan Y,M. Pasaribu (ed) (2016), Peta Jalan Riset dan Pengembangan Kendaraan Listrik Indonesia 2016 – 2020, Bandung: Penerbit ITB.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/STIPM.2023.383